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LEMON OIL NANO EMULSION NEW FORMULATION FOR TOPICAL APPLICATION AND IN VITRO EVALUATION FOR BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY

MUHAMMAD HADI SULTAN 1*, MD. SARFARAZ ALAM 2, SARFARAZ AHMAD 3,4, SAAD SAEED ALQAHTANI 5, SIVAKUMAR S. MONI 1, DAVID BANJI 6, MOHAMED ELOMBARK ELTAIB 1, AMBREEN SHOAIB 3,4, AMANI KHARDALI 3,4, MOHAMED Z. SAYED-AHMED 3,4

1 Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
2 Department of Pharmaceutics, HIMT College of Pharmacy, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
3 Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Saudi Arabia
4 Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
5 Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
6 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Saudi Arabia

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This study investigates the formulation, physical properties and antibacterial efficacy of a water-in-oil (W/O) nanoemulsion using lemon oil. The nanoemulsion was prepared using Tween-80 as a surfactant, polyethylene glycol as a co-surfactant and water as an aqueous phase. The detailed physical characterization of the nanoemulsion included measurements of droplet size, dispersion properties, viscosity, refractive index, acid concentration and electrical conductivity, which provide a basis for future research improvements. The results showed that the average droplet size of the A2 formulation ranged from 2.992 to 155.6 nm, with a polydispersity index of 0.280 and a zeta potential of -14.1 ± 5.52 mV. Other properties measured were refractive index (1.330 ± 0.014), viscosity (4.487 ± 0.131 cP), pH (5.62 ± 0.0143) and conductivity (364.34 ± 6.23 s/cm). The antibacterial activity of the nanoemulsion was tested against various bacterial strains, with the following order of effectiveness: Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 512477 > Salmonella choleraesuis ATCC 10708 > Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 > Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 700603 > Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 > Proteus mirabilis ATCC 299. These results underline the potential of the nanoemulsion as an antibacterial agent.