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EVALUATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF CALLUS, IN VITRO AND EX VITRO EXTRACTS OF RUTA GRAVEOLENS L.

ZAKARIA I. AL-AJLOUNI 1*, SHIFAA ABBAS 1, ABDUL LATIEF AL-GHZAWI 2, IBRAHIM AL-MAKHADMEH 1, RANDA N. ALBDAIWI I 3,4, MOHAMAD SHATNAWI 5, AYED M. AL- ABDALLAT 6, ABDEL RAHMAN AL-TAWAHA 7

1Department of Plant Production, College of Agriculture, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan 2Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
3 Faculty of Science, Zarqa University, 2000 Zarqa, 13110, Jordan
4 Department of Land, Water and Environment, School of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan 5Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Al-Balqa’ Applied University, Al-Salt 19117, Jordan 6Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, School of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan 7Department of Biological Sciences, Al Hussein bin Talal University, Maan, Jordan

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In this research, the chemical make-up and antibacterial activities of Ruta graveolens callus, in vitro and ex vitro extracts were examined. In order to initiate the callus formation, leaf-disc explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) media supplemented with 4.0 mg/L α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). A frequent subculture on MS media containing 1.0 mg/L 2,4- Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) was then used to sustain callus tissue. For root induction, MS media having different concentrations of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and NAA (0.0, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6, 1.8 and 2.0 mg/L) were used.. Five bacterial species, including two Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium), three Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and Micrococcus latus), and four fungal species (Alternaria solani, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Fusarium oxosporium and Verticillium dahlia) were tested for the antimicrobial effects of methanolic and ethanolic crude callus, in vitro and ex vitro extracts of R. graveolens. All R. graveolens extracts tested at various concentrations exhibited antimicrobial action against all bacterial species; however, no antifungal activity was identified against the selected fungus species with the exception of Fusarium oxosporum. R. graveolens has the potential to be a standard source for the pharmaceutical industry development of antibacterial and antifungal medicines.