LEAD LEVELS IN CHILDREN DECIDUOUS TEETH ARE ASSOCIATED
WITH PARENTS’ EDUCATION STATUS AND DAILY DAIRY
CONSUMPTION: AN IRANIAN EXPERIENCE
FOROOGH AMIRABADI1, #, KAVEH TABRIZIAN2, 3, #, ASMA RASHKI4, #, RAMIN REZAEE5, #, ARISTIDIS MICHAEL TSATSAKIS6, #, ANDREEA LETITIA ARSENE7, #, ANCA OANA DOCEA8, #, MOHAMMAD MOSHIRI9, #, MAHMOUD HASHEMZAEI2, #, *
1Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Children and Adolescent Health Research Center, School of Dentistry, Zahedan
University of Medical Science, Zahedan, Iran
2Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
3Medicinal Plants Research Center, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
4Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
5Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences,
Bojnurd, Iran
6Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
7Departament of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia
Str., 020956, Bucharest, Romania
8Departament of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Petru Rares, 200349, Craiova, Romania
9Department of Pharmacodynamy and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iran
#All authors have contributed equally in preparing this manuscript and thus share first authorship
*corresponding author: hashemzaeim@zbmu.ac.ir
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Abstract:
Lead is one of the most hazardous metals, which causes many deleterious effects, including mental retardation, especially in
children. Primary teeth are used for the determination of lead body burden, especially in children. Dust particulates and floated
soil that come by dusty weather are strongly involved in the body burden caused by lead. This paper aims to study the lead
contents present in the deciduous teeth of children in three cities with different climates located in Sistan and Baluchistan
province, Iran. Teeth samples were collected from dental clinics with the help of the Dentistry Faculty of Zahedan University of
Medical Sciences from three cities: Zahedan, Chahbahar and Zabol. Lead content of the samples was quantified using atomic
absorption spectrophotometry. A questionnaire was used to gather personal data and respective information, such as age, sex,
place where they live (urban and rural), city of residence, mouth health status, parents educational levels, parents job, dairy daily
intake and types of toys. The results of this study showed that there is a significant relationship among parents’ education level,
the type of toys material and the teeth lead level (TLLs). Mean concentration of lead in the three cities was 32.65 μg/g ± 3.91
with no meaningful differences between them. The mean average age of children was 8.28 ± 0.18 (36.7% boy and 63.3% girl).
Our results showed that TLLs were significantly lower in the children with well-educated parents – with a p-value of 0.013.

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